The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has made its application in the field of education increasingly widespread. The purpose of this paper is to design and implement a personalized vocal music teaching system based on artificial intelligence algorithms to solve the problems of single teaching method and lack of personalized guidance that exist in traditional vocal music teaching. The overall architecture of the system is constructed by analyzing the demand for vocal music teaching and combining deep learning and other artificial intelligence technologies. The key algorithms involved in the system are elaborated in detail, including the personalized recommendation algorithm of the learning path fused with the long and short-term memory network (LSTM) and the attention mechanism, and the intelligent evaluation algorithm that includes the evaluation of pitch, rhythm and timbre. Through practical application cases, it is verified that the system in this paper can effectively improve the teaching effect of vocal music and students’ vocal music professionalism, providing an important auxiliary role and key ideas for the innovative development of vocal music teaching.