In the era of information technology in education, accurate analysis of individual characteristics becomes the key to personalized learning and tailored teaching, which is of positive significance to the exploration of teaching reform paths. This paper constructs a cognitive map of college English courses under the guidance of cognitive theory, and establishes a reform model of college English teaching in combination with the cognitive map, so as to realize students’ self-knowledge and cognitive construction in the teaching process. The idea of fuzzy set theory is used to quantitatively analyze the knowledge ability level of college students, and then the Logistic model and Bernoulli distribution function are used to calculate the students’ cognitive level of mastering each knowledge point and their scores of answering the questions in the college English course. The analysis of the effect of the teaching model after practice found that the students’ mastery and cognitive level of subjective and objective knowledge points in the college English course were significantly improved and higher than the ideal reference value. The correct rate of answering composition questions in subjective questions increased by 30.44% compared with that before the teaching mode was carried out. The informatization teaching mode proposed in this paper lays a foundation for the teaching reform of college English and provides an effective path for students to improve their knowledge mastery and cognitive level.