The stability of the supply chain has a significant impact on both the strategic deployment and operational efficiency of the enterprise, in order to optimize the supply chain management model for the enterprise and resolve the major supply chain risks, this paper realizes the optimization management and risk assessment of the supply chain through Monte Carlo simulation algorithm and SVM. Taking the newsboy problem as an entry point, a supply chain management optimization model is constructed, and Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is used to solve it. Using SVM regression and assessment ideas, supply chain risk regression assessment is carried out by C-SVR. Applying the supply chain management optimization model, it is concluded that when the optimal inventory of prefabricated components of the selected construction unit is 2.55×10³m³, the enterprise profit is the largest, which is 902.31×10³m³ yuan. Supply chain risk assessment of a port, the training error and prediction error of the assessment model in this paper are only 0.043% and 1.76%, which are significantly better than the BP neural network assessment method. Therefore, it proves that the work in this paper achieves the optimization and risk assessment of enterprise supply chain management model through simulation algorithm.