Music therapy is the treatment of college students’ psychology through various techniques and methods of music, and this paper focuses on researching and analyzing the improvement effect of music therapy on college students’ mental health in the context of cultural education. Students’ physiological data are collected and denoised, and machine learning models are used to realize the multimodal fusion of all kinds of physiological signal features to obtain the objective psychological state assessment values of college students. The subjective assessment results of the mental health assessment scales were then combined to analyze the improvement effect of mental health of college students in the music therapy intervention. The analysis of the psychological health status of the students before and after the intervention experiment revealed that the objective assessment values of the psychological state of the college students in the intervention group gradually tended to be positive with the music therapy, and the subjective assessment results of the psychological health scales of the students in the intervention group were signiϐicantly better than those of the nonintervention group after the experiment (P<0.05). Music therapy has a signiϐicant role in intervening in the mental health of college students and resolving their psychological malaise, which is of great practical and guiding signiϐicance in improving the psychological tolerance and health of college students.