Aiming at the difficulties faced by traditional industries, this paper formulates a smart blockchain solution for sustainable industrial digitalization. Through the theoretical analysis of blockchain technology integration into industry, it provides theoretical support for the application of intelligent blockchain technology in industrial digital transformation. Combining the above three algorithms and the actual situation of industrial digitalization development, an industrial digital transformation scheme integrating intelligent blockchain technology is designed, and a case study of the scheme is conducted. The delay mean value of this paper’s scheme is within the allowable range at the maximum throughput, indicating that the scheme can promote the sustainable development of industrial digitalization. In the actual application scenario, the CD-PBFT consensus algorithm performs more prominently, and in addition, it can be seen that the industrial blockchain solution, which can enhance the product recycling rate, well practices the concept of sustainable development.