In the context of artificial intelligence technology, the current academic research on the relationship between exosome molecular screening and the role of gene probes is relatively weak. Accordingly, this paper formulates a modeling study of exosome molecule screening and its relationship with gene probes under the framework of multi-objective genetic algorithm. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is applied to realize the screening of secretory body molecules, and after the completion of the screening work, the mechanism of the role between exosome molecules and gene probes is investigated by constructing a regression model, and the above theoretical knowledge is applied to empirically analyze the research scheme of this paper. The regression coefficients of exosome molecules and gene probes showed significant correlation at 0.05 level, indicating that the mechanism of action between the two is monotonically increasing, which well reveals the influence of exosome molecules on gene probes.