Mobile communication technology is a universal technology. It is one of the most advanced technologies in human history due to its rapid development speed, strong penetration and wide application. The rapid development and wide application of information and communication technology has brought profound impact on economic growth and social transformation. In order to test the relationship between population change and economic development in the process of urban development by mobile communication technology, cluster analysis and similarity coefficient are used to analyze the indicators of economic development and to predict the law of economic development. In order to understand the changes brought by mobile communication technology to economic development in detail, through the analysis of the usage of mobile communication users in China and the economic development of the region from 2017 to 2019, the results showed that Beijing was in the best development situation. Compared with other regions, Tibet was the lowest. It grew over time, with a 5% increase from 2017 to 2019. It could be seen from this point that vigorous development in the field of mobile communications would provide new opportunities for major cities to break through development bottlenecks and solve development dilemmas as well as promote urban transformation and innovative development.