The study uses a multilevel nonlinear optimization algorithm to optimize the low-carbon development path of agriculture with the dual constraints of government regulation and agricultural insurance. The algorithm solves the development path optimally through convergence analysis, parameter setting and constraint problem modeling. In addition, the study establishes an index system for evaluating agricultural low-carbon development, and assesses the effectiveness of low-carbon development through field application. The algorithmic path optimization in this paper has better performance in terms of solution quality, iteration number and solution time. At iterations 17, 43, 62 and 82, the algorithm of this paper found feasible solutions for path optimization. By 2023, the annual increase in pollutant emissions from agricultural production, total carbon emissions, carbon emission intensity of 10,000 yuan output value, and comprehensive energy consumption of 10,000 yuan output value are projected to be reduced to 42696.39(tons), 21141.5(10,000 tons), 1017.9(tons), and 6422.6(tons), respectively. The evaluation indicators Agricultural activity average carbon intensity, Reduction of carbon intensity and other indicators have relatively high weights, which is the main reason for the differences in low carbon development.The correlation between the effectiveness of agricultural low carbon development and the optimal sequence in 2023 is 0.9981, which demonstrates that the role of government regulation and agricultural insurance in promoting agricultural low carbon development.