The era of big data in education has come, data-driven intelligent decision-making has become the development trend in the era of big data, and precise teaching has become the keyword in the era of big data. This paper establishes a real-time dynamic teaching strategy adjustment decision-making model based on the learning characteristics in the process of industry-teaching integration practical training in higher vocational education, and uses Markov decision-making and Q-learning algorithms to solve the optimal teaching strategy in each stage of practical training and learning, which assists the teachers in decision-making and precise intervention. The results of the practical training teaching experiment found that the students in the experimental group, after the dynamic adjustment and intervention strategy implementation of the industry-teaching integration practical teaching, the scores of the practical training theory and application knowledge test were significantly improved (P<0.05), and the students' self-efficacy control sense, sense of effort, and sense of competence were all improved to different degrees. In addition, the scores of depth of understanding (P=0.000) and strategic approach (P=0.000) in practical training learning competencies also increased significantly. The strategy proposed in this study is able to capture the dynamic characteristics of educational data and use the multi-stage dynamic decision-making method to study the development of teaching strategies, which can provide stronger support for accurate teaching decisions and industry-teaching integration of practical training learning.