Like money or gold, data has emerged as a new class of economic commodity. Big data is now a factor of production on par with other material resources, having permeated every aspect of today’s economy and society. Social development inevitably leads to population aging, which affects all facets of social life, particularly social and economic development. Nevertheless, systematic and thorough study on how population aging affects economic development is still lacking. The economic and fiscal policy trade-offs of aging on economic growth are the main emphasis of this article, which is based on big data techniques. This study examines the effects of population aging on economic development from the perspectives of economic growth, social security, and financial pension expenses, based on an analysis of the current state of population aging and its drivers. It was designed to address the aging of province A’s population and discovered that it not only caused the share of the working-age population to decrease, but also decreased the resources available to the labor force. The proportion of tax revenue in total fiscal revenue will continue to be over 82% by 2021, with 73% of the population being between the ages of 15 and 64. The scale of fiscal pension expenditures in Province A has shown a clear upward trend.