Solving the health problems of key populations such as people with disabilities is an important way to realize universal health coverage and promote social equity. Sports as the main means of rehabilitation for disabled people at present, this study clarifies the concept of disabled people and sports rehabilitation, and uses empirical investigation to analyze the plight of cruel sports, laying a realistic and theoretical foundation for this paper based on high-dimensional rehabilitation data optimization. In the process of sports rehabilitation exercise for the disabled, it is generated through the modular control of multi-skeletal muscles by the central nervous system as well as the regulation of neural oscillations. And the surface EMG signal is the combined effect of superficial muscle EMG and electrical activity on the nerve trunk on the skin surface, which belongs to the high-dimensional data characteristics. For this reason, this paper constructs a rehabilitation exercise muscle synergy model using matrix decomposition for the rehabilitation of disabled people’s sports. The data were refined in the time domain by adding time windows, and then the data were decomposed into targets based on the non-negative matrix decomposition method to extract the muscle synergy features in each time window, so as to analyze the muscle synergy differences in different exercise processes and different feature frequency bands, and to further obtain the muscle synergy law during exercise and the physiological change mechanism of the nervous system during exercise control. Finally, the experiments were carried out in both non-electrical stimulation and electrical stimulation modes, and the results showed that the number of muscle synergism in wrist flexion and extension was the same in both modes, which was 3. However, the number of synergistic pairs of muscles in the electrical stimulation mode was significantly increased. It also proves the effectiveness of the method of this paper on the analysis of muscle synergy of multi-channel surface EMG signals, which provides a new method for exploring the muscle synergy characteristics and the control mechanism of rehabilitative movement in the process of disabled people’s sports.