A scientific, comprehensive and effective evaluation system of asset management performance of public colleges and universities in the context of high-quality development in the new era contributes to the “asset power” for the construction of high-level and high-quality development of colleges and universities. This paper takes 20 public colleges and universities in Province Y as research samples, and analyzes the asset management performance of public colleges and universities and its influencing factors through the super-efficiency DEA model and SFA model. The results show that the asset management performance of 13 public colleges and universities has reached DEA effective, and the rest of them are DEA ineffective. Human and material inputs have a significant positive effect on the asset management performance of public universities in terms of inputs, and both research income and number of patents have a significant positive effect on the asset management performance of public universities in terms of outputs at the 1% level. Relying on the scientific evaluation index system of asset management performance of public universities, establishing a high-level asset management team and clear budgeting and audit management are effective means to improve the asset management performance of public universities.