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The development of urbanization is rapidly changing, and various undertakings are flourishing, while the sports industry, as an important segment of urban regional economic development, plays an inestimable role in the development of the entire city construction. The study takes the sports industry and economic development of 27 provincial capital cities in China from 2018 to 2022 as the research object, establishes the evaluation indexes for the high-quality development of the sports industry based on the principle of index construction, and establishes the weights of the indexes. Taking Harbin as a case study, the effect between urban sports industry and economic growth is analyzed with the help of impulse response analysis, Granger causality test, and variance decomposition of VAR model. The results show that the development of urban sports industry and economic growth can promote each other, with a long-term cointegration relationship, and the positive effects between the two are slowly reduced over time when they are impacted in the long term. Granger test shows. It indicates that there is a unidirectional causal relationship between urban sports industry and economic growth.