Open problem on the Euler Sombor index of trees with given domination number

Sneha Sekar1, Selvaraj Balachandran1, Hechao Liu2, Suresh Elumalai3, Y. B. Venkatakrishnan1
1Department of Mathematics, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
2School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi~435002, China
3Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet 603 203, India

Abstract

The Euler Sombor (\(EU\)) index of a graph \(G\) is defined as \[EU(\mathit{G})=\sum \limits_{{\mathit{u}}{\mathit{v}}\in E(\mathit{G})} \sqrt{deg_G^2(u)+deg_G^2(v)+deg_G(u)deg_G(v)},\] where \(deg_G(u)\) and \(deg_G(v)\) are the degrees of the vertices \(u\) and \(v\) in the graph \(G\), respectively. Biswaranja Khanra and Shibsankar Das [Euler Sombor index of trees, unicyclic and chemical graphs, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem., 94 (2025) 525–548] posed an open problem to determine the extremal values and extremal graphs of the Euler Sombor index in the class of all connected graphs with a given domination number. In this paper, we solve this open problem for trees with a given domination number. Furthermore, we determine an upper bound for the Euler Sombor index of trees with a given independence number. We also characterize the corresponding extremal trees. Additionally, we propose a set of open problems for future research.

Keywords: Euler Sombor index, domination number, independence number, extremal tree, topological index