On Quadrangulations of Closed Surfaces Covered by Vertices of Degree \(3\)

Kiyoshi Ando1, Atsuhiro Nakamoto2
1Department of Computer Science and Information Mathematics, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
2Department of Mathematics, Osaka Kyoiku University, 4-698-1 Asahigaoka, Kashi- wara, Osaka 852-8582, Japan

Abstract

A graph is said to be \(k\)-covered if for each edge \(xy\), \(deg(x) = k\) or \(deg(y) = k\). In this paper, we characterize the \(3\)-covered quadrangulations of closed surfaces.