Harmonious Colorings of Digraphs

S.M. Hegde1, Lolita Priya Castelino1
1Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, India. Srinivasnagar – 575025, India.

Abstract

Let \(D\) be a directed graph with \(n\) vertices and \(m\) edges. A function \(f: V(D) \to \{1, 2, 3, \ldots, k\}\), where \(k \leq n\), is said to be a harmonious coloring of \(D\) if for any two edges \(xy\) and \(uv\) of \(D\), the ordered pair \((f(x), f(y)) \neq (f(u), f(v))\). If the pair \((i, i)\) is not assigned, then \(f\) is said to be a proper harmonious coloring of \(D\). The minimum \(k\) is called the proper harmonious coloring number of \(D\). We investigate the proper harmonious coloring number of various graphs, including unidirectional paths, unicycles, inward-spoken (outward-spoken) wheels, \(n\)-ary trees of different levels, and others.