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Outer Independent Double Roman Domination Stability in Graphs

S.M. Sheikholeslami1, M. Esmaeili1, L. Volkmann2
1Department of Mathematics, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, I.R. Iran
2Lehrstuhl II fur Mathematik RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen, Germany

Abstract

An outer independent double Roman dominating function (OIDRDF) on a graph \( G \) is a function \( f : V(G) \to \{0, 1, 2, 3\} \) having the property that (i) if \( f(v) = 0 \), then the vertex \( v \) must have at least two neighbors assigned 2 under \( f \) or one neighbor \( w \) with \( f(w) = 3 \), and if \( f(v) = 1 \), then the vertex \( v \) must have at least one neighbor \( w \) with \( f(w) \ge 2 \) and (ii) the subgraph induced by the vertices assigned 0 under \( f \) is edgeless. The weight of an OIDRDF is the sum of its function values over all vertices, and the outer independent double Roman domination number \( \gamma_{oidR}(G) \) is the minimum weight of an OIDRDF on \( G \). The \( \gamma_{oidR} \)-stability (\( \gamma^-_{oidR} \)-stability, \( \gamma^+_{oidR} \)-stability) of \( G \), denoted by \( {\rm st}_{\gamma_{oidR}}(G) \) (\( {\rm st}^-_{\gamma_{oidR}}(G) \), \( {\rm st}^+_{\gamma_{oidR}}(G) \)), is defined as the minimum size of a set of vertices whose removal changes (decreases, increases) the outer independent double Roman domination number. In this paper, we determine the exact values on the \( \gamma_{oidR} \)-stability of some special classes of graphs, and present some bounds on \( {\rm st}_{\gamma_{oidR}}(G) \). In addition, for a tree \( T \) with maximum degree \( \Delta \), we show that \( {\rm st}_{\gamma_{oidR}}(T) = 1 \) and \( {\rm st}^-_{\gamma_{oidR}}(T) \le \Delta \), and characterize the trees that achieve the upper bound.

Keywords: Double Roman domination, Outer independent double Roman domination, Outer independent double Roman domination stability