The Computational Complexity of \(\lambda\)-Backbone Colorings of Graphs with \(n\)-Complete Backbones

A. N. M. Salman1
1Combinatorial Mathematics Research Division Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl. Ganesa 10 Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract

Given an integer \( \lambda \geq 2 \), a graph \( G = (V, E) \) and a spanning subgraph \( H \) of \( G \) (the backbone of \( G \)), a \( \lambda \)-backbone coloring of \( (G, H) \) is a proper vertex coloring \( V \to \{1, 2, \dots\} \) of \( G \), in which the colors assigned to adjacent vertices in \( H \) differ by at least \( \lambda \). We study the computational complexity of the problem “Given a graph \( G \) with a backbone \( H \), and an integer \( \ell \), is there a \( \lambda \)-backbone coloring of \( (G, H) \) with at most \( \ell \) colors?” Of course, this general problem is NP-complete. In this paper, we consider this problem for collections of pairwise disjoint complete graphs with order \( n \). We show that the complexity jumps from polynomially solvable to NP-complete between \( \ell = (n – 1)\lambda \) and \( \ell = (n – 1)\lambda + 1 \).

Keywords: 2-backbone coloring, A-backbone coloring number, n-complete backbone, computational complexity. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C15, 05C78