A Complete Characterization of Balanced Graphs

Man C. Kong1, Sin-Min Lee2, Eric Seah3, Alfred S. Tang4
1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66045 U.S.A.
2Department of Computer Science San Jose State University San Jose, California 95192 U.S.A.
3Nanyang Business School Department of Management Science Nanyang Technology University Singapore
4Department of Mathematics and Statistics San Francisco State University San Francisco, California 94132. U.S.A.

Abstract

Let \( G \) be a graph with vertex set \( V(G) \) and edge set \( E(G) \). For a labeling \( f: V(G) \to A = \{0, 1\} \), define a partial edge labeling \( f^*: E(G) \to A \) such that, for each edge \( xy \in E(G) \),

\[
f^*(xy) = f(x) \quad \text{if and only if} \quad f(x) = f(y).
\]

For \( i \in A \), let

\[
\text{v}_f(i) = |\{ v \in V(G) : f(v) = i \}|
\]

and

\[
\text{e}_{f^*}(i) = |\{ e \in E(G) : f^*(e) = i \}|.
\]

A labeling \( f \) of a graph \( G \) is said to be friendly if

\[
|\text{v}_f(0) – \text{v}_f(1)| \leq 1.
\]

If a friendly labeling \( f \) induces a partial labeling \( f^* \) such that

\[
|\text{e}_{f^*}(0) – \text{e}_{f^*}(1)| \leq 1,
\]

then \( G \) is said to be balanced. In this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for balanced graphs is established. Using this result, the balancedness of several families of graphs is also proven.