Adapt to the new competitive environment, the supply chain concept and management model of horizontal integration and cooperation between enterprises have begun to rise, and continuously demonstrate enormous competitive strength and superiority. However, the existing enterprise supply chain management (SCM) system has problems of low security, low efficiency, and high management costs. In view of the above problems, this paper studied the enterprise supply chain management and its information assurance mechanism based on the error back propagation algorithm. By analyzing the problems in enterprise supply chain management and introducing error back propagation algorithm as an optimization method, the efficiency and accuracy of the supply chain have been improved. At the same time, corresponding guarantee mechanisms were proposed to address the importance of information security in the enterprise supply chain. The research results indicated that the information leakage rate of the supply chain information protection mechanism based on the error back propagation algorithm was below 3.21%, and the average leakage rate of 20 experiments was 2.654%. For supplier management in enterprise supply chain management systems, the selected users scored the system based on error back propagation algorithm at least 8.84 points, and the average score of 10 users was 8.995 points. Enterprise supply chain management and information assurance mechanism based on error back propagation algorithm can effectively improve the effect of supply chain management and enhance the security of information.