Growth: A Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education
ISSN: xxxx-xxxx
Growth: A Journal of Mathematics and Mathematics Education aims to provide a publication platform for high quality undergraduate research in mathematics and in mathematical pedagogy. The technical scope of the journal is combinatorial mathematics, broadly interpreted—the editorial board will consider all submissions in their areas of interest. All submitted articles must have an undergraduate research component and must be certified by a senior researcher. All submissions will be peer reviewed according to standard practices in academic mathematics. Precise editorial policies are set by the editorial board.
- Research article
- Full Text
- Ars Combinatoria
- Volume 083
- Pages: 33-45
- Published: 30/04/2007
Let \(G = (V, E)\) be a graph with \(n\) vertices. The clique graph of \(G\) is the intersection graph \(K(G)\) of the set of all (maximal) cliques of \(G\) and \(K\) is called the clique operator. The iterated clique graphs \(K^*(G)\) are recursively defined by \(K^0(G) = G\) and \(K^i(G) = K(K^{i-1}(G))\), \(i > 0\). A graph is \(K\)-divergent if the sequence \(|V(K^i(G))|\) of all vertex numbers of its iterated clique graphs is unbounded, otherwise it is \(K\)-convergent. The long-run behaviour of \(G\), when we repeatedly apply the clique operator, is called the \(K\)-behaviour of \(G\).
In this paper, we characterize the \(K\)-behaviour of the class of graphs called \(p\)-trees, that has been extensively studied by Babel. Among many other properties, a \(p\)-tree contains exactly \(n – 3\) induced \(4\)-cycles. In this way, we extend some previous results about the \(K\)-behaviour of cographs, i.e., graphs with no induced \(P_4\)s. This characterization leads to a polynomial-time algorithm for deciding the \(K\)-convergence or \(K\)-divergence of any graph in the class.
- Research article
- Full Text
- Ars Combinatoria
- Volume 083
- Pages: 15-32
- Published: 30/04/2007
In this paper, we obtain a general enumerating functional equation about rooted pan-fan maps on nonorientable surfaces. Based on this equation, an explicit expression of rooted pan-fan maps on the Klein bottle is given. Meanwhile, some simple explicit expressions with up to two parameters: the valency of the root face and the size for rooted one-vertexed maps on surfaces (Klein bottle, Torus, \(N_3\)) are provided.
- Research article
- Full Text
- Ars Combinatoria
- Volume 083
- Pages: 3-14
- Published: 30/04/2007
Let us denote by \({EX}(m,n; \{C_4,\ldots,C_{2t}\})\) the family of bipartite graphs \(G\) with \(m\) and \(n\) vertices in its classes that contain no cycles of length less than or equal to \(2t\) and have maximum size. In this paper, the following question is proposed: does always such an extremal graph \(G\) contain a \((2t + 2)\)-cycle? The answer is shown to be affirmative for \(t = 2,3\) or whenever \(m\) and \(n\) are large enough in comparison with \(t\). The latter asymptotical result needs two preliminary theorems. First, we prove that the diameter of an extremal bipartite graph is at most \(2t\), and afterwards we show that its girth is equal to \(2t + 2\) when the minimum degree is at least \(2\) and the maximum degree is at least \(t + 1\).
- Research article
- https://doi.org/10.61091/ojac-206
- Full Text
- Online Journal of Analytic Combinatorics
- Issue 2, 2007
- Pages: 1-10 (paper #6)
- Published: 13/03/2007
Let \( \mathbb{F}_2^n \) be the finite field of cardinality \( 2^n \). For all large \( n \), any subset \( A \subset \mathbb{F}_2^n \times \mathbb{F}_2^n \) of cardinality
\[
|A| \gtrsim \frac{4^n \log \log n}{\log n},
\]
must contain three points \( \{(x, y), (x + d, y), (x, y + d)\} \) for \( x, y, d \in \mathbb{F}_2^n \) and \( d \neq 0 \). Our argument is an elaboration of an argument of Shkredov [14], building upon the finite field analog of Ben Green [10]. The interest in our result is in the exponent on \( \log n \), which is larger than has been obtained previously.
- Research article
- https://doi.org/10.61091/ojac-205
- Full Text
- Online Journal of Analytic Combinatorics
- Issue 2, 2007
- Pages: 1-7 (paper #5)
- Published: 13/03/2007
In 1972, Bender and Knuth established a bijection between certain infinite matrices of non-negative integers and plane partitions and in [2] a bijection between Bender-Knuth matrices and n-color partitions was shown. Here we use this later bijection and translate the recently found n-color partition theoretic interpretations of four mock theta functions of S. Ramanujan in [1] to new combinatorial interpretations of the same mock theta functions involving Bender-Knuth matrices.
- Research article
- https://doi.org/10.61091/ojac-204
- Full Text
- Online Journal of Analytic Combinatorics
- Issue 2, 2007
- Pages: 1-17 (paper #4)
- Published: 13/03/2007
We present analytical properties of a sequence of integers related to the evaluation of a rational integral. We also discuss an algorithm for the evaluation of the 2-adic valuation of these integers that has a combinatorial interpretation.
- Research article
- https://doi.org/10.61091/ojac-203
- Full Text
- Online Journal of Analytic Combinatorics
- Issue 2, 2007
- Pages: 1-4 (paper #3)
- Published: 13/03/2007
It is proposed that finding the recursion relation and generating function for the (colored) Motzkin numbers of higher rank introduced recently is an interesting problem.
- Research article
- https://doi.org/10.61091/ojac-202
- Full Text
- Online Journal of Analytic Combinatorics
- Issue 2, 2007
- Pages: Pages: 1-21 (Paper #2)
- Published: 13/03/2007
Let \( \mathbb{F}_2^n \) be the finite field of cardinality \( 2^n \). For all large \( n \), any subset \( A \subset \mathbb{F}_2^n \times \mathbb{F}_2^n \) of cardinality \[|A| \gtrsim \frac{4^n \log \log n}{\log n}, \] must contain three points \( \{(x, y), (x + d, y), (x, y + d)\} \) for \( x, y, d \in \mathbb{F}_2^n \) and \( d \neq 0 \). Our argument is an elaboration of an argument of Shkredov [14], building upon the finite field analog of Ben Green [10]. The interest in our result is in the exponent on \( \log n \), which is larger than has been obtained previously.
- Research article
- https://doi.org/10.61091/ojac-201
- Full Text
- Online Journal of Analytic Combinatorics
- Issue 2, 2007
- Pages: 1-8 (Paper #1)
- Published: 13/03/2007
Let \( S \) be a finite set of positive integers with largest element \( m \). Let us randomly select a composition \( a \) of the integer \( n \) with parts in \( S \), and let \( m(a) \) be the multiplicity of \( m \) as a part of \( a \). Let \( 0 \leq r < q \) be integers, with \( q \geq 2 \), and let \( p_{n,r} \) be the probability that \( m(a) \) is congruent to \( r \mod q \). We show that if \( S \) satisfies a certain simple condition, then \( \lim_{n \to \infty} p_{n,r} = 1/q \). In fact, we show that an obvious necessary condition on \( S \) turns out to be sufficient.
- Research article
- Full Text
- Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing
- Volume 060
- Pages: 203-222
- Published: 28/02/2007
Given a connected graph \( G \) with \( n \) vertices, a routing \( R \) is a collection of \( n(n-1) \) paths, one path \( R(x,y) \) for each ordered pair \( x, y \) of vertices. A routing is said to be vertex/edge-antisymmetric if for every pair \( x, y \) of vertices, the paths \( R(x,y) \) and \( R(y,x) \) are internally vertex/edge-disjoint. Compared to other types of routing found in the literature, antisymmetric routing is interesting from a practical point of view because it ensures greater network reliability.
For a given graph \( G \) and routing \( R \), the vertex/edge load of \( G \) with respect to \( R \) is the maximum number of paths passing through any vertex/edge of \( G \). The \({vertex/edge-forwarding-index}\) of a graph is the minimum vertex/edge load taken over all routings. If routing \( R \) is vertex/edge-antisymmetric, we talk about \({antisymmetric-indices}\).
Several results exist in the literature for the forwarding-indices of graphs. In this paper, we derive upper and lower bounds for the antisymmetric-indices of graphs in terms of their connectivity or minimum degree. These bounds are often the best possible. Whenever this is the case, a network that meets the corresponding bound is described. Several related conjectures are proposed throughout the paper.




