The closed neighborhood \(N_G[e]\) of an edge \(e\) in a graph \(G\) is the set consisting of \(ev\) and of all edges having a common end-vertex with \(e\). Let \(f\) be a function on \(E(G)\), the edge set of \(G\), into the set \(\{-1, 1\}\). If \(\sum_{x\in E(G)}f(x \geq 1\) for at least \(k\) edges \(e\) of \(G\), then \(f\) is called a signed edge \(k\)-subdominating function of \(G\). The minimum of the values \(\sum_{e \in E(G)} f(e)\), taken over all signed edge \(k\)-subdominating functions \(f\) of \(G\), is called the signed edge \(k\)-subdomination number of \(G\) and is denoted by \(\gamma_{s,k}(G)\). In this note, we initiate the study of the signed edge \(k\)-subdomination in graphs and present some (sharp) bounds for this parameter.

A graph \(G\) with vertex set \(V\) is said to have a prime labeling if its vertices can be labeled with distinct integers \(1, 2, \ldots, |V|\) such that for every edge \(xy\) in \(E(G)\), the labels assigned to \(x\) and \(y\) are relatively prime or coprime. In this paper, we show that the Knödel graph \(W_{3,n}\) is prime for \(n \leq 130\).

Let \(G = (V, E)\) be a graph. A set \(D \subseteq V\) is a total restrained dominating set of \(G\) if every vertex in \(V\) has a neighbor in \(D\) and every vertex in \(V – D\) has a neighbor in \(V – D\). The cardinality of a minimum total restrained dominating set in \(G\) is the total restrained domination number of \(G\). In this paper, we define the concept of total restrained domination edge critical graphs, find a lower bound for the total restrained domination number of graphs, and constructively characterize trees having their total restrained domination numbers achieving the lower bound.

Let \(\Gamma = (X, R)\) denote a \(d\)-bounded distance-regular graph with diameter \(d \geq 3\). A regular strongly closed subgraph of \(\Gamma\) is said to be a subspace of \(\Gamma\). For \(0 \leq i \leq i+s \leq d-1\), suppose \(\Delta_i\) and \(\Delta_0\) are subspaces with diameter \(i\) and \(i+s\), respectively, and with \(\Delta_i \subseteq \Delta_0\). Let \(\mathcal{L}(i, i+s; d)\) denote the set of all subspaces \(\Delta’\) with diameters \(\geq i\) such that \(d(\Delta_0 \cap \Delta’) = \Delta_1\) and \(d(\Delta_0 + \Delta’) = d(\Delta’) + s\) in \(\Gamma$ including \(\Delta_0\). If we partial order \(\mathcal{L}(i, i+s; d)\) by ordinary inclusion (resp. reverse inclusion), then \(\mathcal{L}(i, i+s; d)\) is a poset, denoted by \(\mathcal{L}_0(i, i+s; d)\) (resp. \(\mathcal{L}_R(i, i+s; d)\)). In the present paper, we show that both \(\mathcal{L}_0(i, i+s; d)\) and \(\mathcal{L}_R(i, i+s; d)\) are atomic lattices, and classify their geometricity.

By means of the partial fraction decomposition method, we evaluate a very general determinant of formal shifted factorial fractions, which covers numerous binomial determinantal identities.

Let \(H\) be a subgroup of a finite group \(G\). The relative \(n\)-th commutativity degree, denoted as \(P_n(H,G)\), is the probability of commuting the \(n\)-th power of a random element of \(H\) with an element of \(G\). Obviously, if \(H = G\) then the relative \(n\)-th commutativity degree coincides with the \(n\)-th commutativity degree, \(P_n(G)\). The purpose of this article is to compute the explicit formula for \(P_n(G)\), where \(G\) is a 2-generator \(p\)-group of nilpotency class two. Furthermore, we observe that if we have two pairs of relative isoclinic groups, then they have equal relative \(n\)-th commutativity degree.

Let \(\varphi: M \to {C}^n\) be an \(n\)-dimensional compact Willmore Lagrangian submanifold in the Complex Euclidean Space \({C}^n\). Denote by \(S\) and \(H\) the square of the length of the second fundamental form and the mean curvature of \(M\), respectively. Let \(p\) be the non-negative function on \(M\) defined by \(p^2 = S – nH^2\). Let \(K\) and \(Q\) be the functions which assign to each point of \(M\) the infimum of the sectional curvature and Ricci curvature at the point, respectively. In this paper, we prove some integral inequalities of Simons’ type for \(n\)-dimensional compact Willmore Lagrangian submanifolds \(\varphi: M \to {C}^n\) in the Complex Euclidean Space \({C}^n\) in terms of \(p^2\), \(K\), \(Q\), and \(H\), and give some rigidity and characterization theorems.

Let \(G\) be a subgraph of \(K_n\). The graph obtained from \(G\) by replacing each edge with a 3-cycle whose third vertex is distinct from other vertices in the configuration is called a \(T(G)\)-triple. An edge-disjoint decomposition of \(3K_n\) into copies of \(T(G)\) is called a \(T(G)\)-triple system of order \(n\). If, in each copy of \(T(G)\) in a \(T(G)\)-triple system, one edge is taken from each 3-cycle (chosen so that these edges form a copy of \(G\)) in such a way that the resulting copies of \(G\) form an edge-disjoint decomposition of \(K_n\), then the \(T(G)\)-triple system is said to be perfect. The set of positive integers \(n\) for which a perfect \(T(G)\)-triple system exists is called its spectrum. Earlier papers by authors including Billington, Lindner, Kıygıkçifi, and Rosa determined the spectra for cases where \(G\) is any subgraph of \(K_4\). Then, in our previous paper, the spectrum of perfect \(T(G)\)-triple systems for each graph \(G\) with five vertices and \(i (\leq 6)\) edges was determined. In this paper, we will completely solve the spectrum problem of perfect \(T(G)\)-triple systems for each graph \(G\) with five vertices and seven edges.

This paper investigates tilings of a \(2 \times n\) rectangle using vertical and horizontal dominos. It is well-known that these tilings are counted by the Fibonacci numbers. We associate a graph to each tiling by converting the corners and borders of the dominos to vertices and edges. We study the combinatorial, probabilistic, and graph-theoretic properties of the resulting “domino tiling graphs.” In particular, we prove central limit theorems for naturally occurring statistics on these graphs. Some of these results are then extended to more general tiling graphs.

We recall from [13] a shell graph of size \(n\), denoted \(C(n, n-3)\), is the graph obtained from the cycle \(C_n(v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_{n-1})\) by adding \(n-3\) consecutive chords incident at a common vertex, say \(v_0\). The vertex \(v_0\) of \(C(n, n-3)\) is called the apex of the shell \(C(n, n-3)\). The vertex \(v_1\) of \(C(n, n-3)\) is said to be at level 1.

A graph \(C(2n,n-2)\) is called an alternate shell, if \(C(2n,n-2)\) is obtained from the cycle \(C_{2n}(v_0,v_1, v_2, \ldots, v_{2n-1})\) by adding \(n-2\) chords between the vertex \(v_0\) and the vertices \(v_{2i+1}\), for \(1\leq i \leq n-2\). If the vertex \(v_i\) of \(C(2n,n-2)\) at level 1 is adjacent with \(v_0\), then \(v_1\) is said to be at level 1 with a chord, otherwise the vertex \(v_1\) is said to be at level 1 without a chord.