In this paper, we introduce an extension of the hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas functions which were studied by Stakhov and Rozin. Namely, we define hyperbolic functions by second-order recurrence sequences and study their hyperbolic and recurrence properties. We give the corollaries for Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, and Pell-Lucas numbers. We finalize with the introduction of some surfaces (the Metallic Shofars) that relate to the hyperbolic functions with the second-order recurrence sequences.

The graph’s irregularity is the sum of the absolute values of the differences of degrees of pairs of adjacent vertices in the graph. We provide various upper bounds for the irregularity of a graph, especially for \(K_{r+1}\)-free graphs, where \(K_{r+1}\) is a complete graph on \(r+1\) vertices, and trees and unicyclic graphs of given number of pendant vertices.

Let \(\mathbb{F}_q^(n)\) (resp. \({AG}(n,\mathbb{F}_q)\)) be the \(n\)-dimensional vector (resp. affine) space over the finite field \(\mathbb{F}_q\). For \(1 \leq i \leq i+s \leq n-1\) (resp. \(0 \leq i \leq i+s \leq n-1\)), let \(\mathcal{L}(i,i+s;n)\) (resp. \(\mathcal{L}'(i,i+s;n)\)) denote the set of all subspaces (resp. flats) in \(\mathbb{F}_q^(n)\) (resp. \({AG}(n,\mathbb{F}_q)\)) with dimensions between \(i\) and \(i+s\) including \(\mathbb{F}_q^(n)\) and \(\{0\}\) (resp. \(\emptyset\)). By ordering \(\mathcal{L}(i,i+s;n)\) (resp. \(\mathcal{L}'(i,i+s;n)\)) by ordinary inclusion or reverse inclusion, two classes of lattices are obtained. This article discusses their geometricity.

In this paper, we give some relations involving the usual Fibonacci and generalized order-\(k\) Pell numbers. These relations show that the generalized order-\(k\) Pell numbers can be expressed as the summation of the usual Fibonacci numbers. We find families of Hessenberg matrices such that the permanents of these matrices are the usual Fibonacci numbers, \(F_{2i-1}\), and their sums. Also, extending these matrix representations, we find families of super-diagonal matrices such that the permanents of these matrices are the generalized order-\(k\) Pell numbers and their sums.

Let \(G\) be a finite group and \(S\) be a subset (possibly containing the identity element) of \(G\). We define the Bi-Cayley graph \(X = BC(G, S)\) to be the bipartite graph with vertices \(G \times \{0, 1\}\) and edges \(\{(g, 0), (sg, 1) : g \in G, s \in S\}\). In this paper, we show that if \(X = BC(G, S)\) is connected, then \(\kappa(X) = \delta(X)\).

Some new characterizations for harmonic Bergman space on the unit ball \({B}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) are given in this paper. They can be described as derivative-free characterizations.

The planar Ramsey number \(PR(H_1, H_2)\) is the smallest integer \(n\) such that any planar graph on \(n\) vertices contains a copy of \(H_1\) or its complement contains a copy of \(H_2\). It is known that the Ramsey number \(R(K_4 – e, K_k – e)\) for \(k \leq 6\). In this paper, we prove that \(PR(K_4 – e, K_6 – e) = 16\) and show the lower bounds on \(PR(K_4 – e, K_k – e)\).