A double Italian dominating function on a digraph \( D \) with vertex set \( V(D) \) is defined as a function \( f: V(D) \to \{0,1,2,3\} \) such that each vertex \( u \in V(D) \) with \( f(u) \in \{0,1\} \) has the property that \(\sum_{x \in N^{-}[u]} f(x) \geq 3,\) where \( N^{-}[u] \) is the closed in-neighborhood of \( u \). The weight of a double Italian dominating function is the sum \(\sum_{v \in V(D)} f(v),\) and the minimum weight of a double Italian dominating function \( f \) is the double Italian domination number, denoted by \( \gamma_{dI}(D) \). We initiate the study of the double Italian domination number for digraphs, and we present different sharp bounds on \( \gamma_{dI}(D) \). In addition, several relations between the double Italian domination number and other domination parameters such as double Roman domination number, Italian domination number, and domination number are established.

A connected graph \( G = (V, E) \) is called a quasi-tree graph if there exists a vertex \( v_0 \in V(G) \) such that \( G – v_0 \) is a tree. In this paper, we determine the largest algebraic connectivity together with the corresponding extremal graphs among all quasi-tree graphs of order \( n \) with a given matching number.

We will discuss the vertex-distinguishing I-total colorings and vertex-distinguishing VI-total colorings of three types of graphs: \( S_m \lor F_n, S_m \lor W_n \) and \( F_n \lor W_n \) in this paper. The optimal vertex-distinguishing I (resp. VI)-total colorings of these join graphs are given by the method of constructing colorings according to their structural properties and the vertex-distinguishing I (resp. VI)-total chromatic numbers of them are determined.

A graph is called set-reconstructible if it is determined uniquely (up to isomorphism) by the set of its vertex-deleted subgraphs. The maximal subgraph of a graph \( H \) that is a tree rooted at a vertex \( u \) of \( H \) is the limb at \( u \). It is shown that two families \( \mathcal{F}_1 \) and \( \mathcal{F}_2 \) of nearly acyclic graphs are set-reconstructible. The family \( \mathcal{F}_1 \) consists of all connected cyclic graphs \( G \) with no end vertex such that there is a vertex lying on all the cycles in \( G \) and there is a cycle passing through at least one vertex of every cycle in \( G \). The family \( \mathcal{F}_2 \) consists of all connected cyclic graphs \( H \) with end vertices such that there are exactly two vertices lying on all the cycles in \( H \) and there is a cycle with no limbs at its vertices.

In this paper, we determine the second largest number of maximal independent sets and characterize those extremal graphs achieving these values among all twinkle graphs.

In this paper, we characterize the set of spanning trees of \( G^1_{n,r} \) (a simple connected graph consisting of \( n \) edges, containing exactly one 1-edge-connected chain of \( r \) cycles \( C^1_r \) and \( G^1_{n,r} \setminus C^1_r \) is a forest). We compute the Hilbert series of the face ring \( k[\Delta_s(G^1_{n,r})] \) for the spanning simplicial complex \( \Delta_s(G^1_{n,r}) \). Also, we characterize associated primes of the facet ideal \( I_F(\Delta_s(G^1_{n,r})) \). Furthermore, we prove that the face ring \( k[\Delta_s(G^1_{n,r})] \) is Cohen-Macaulay.

Let \( G \) be a simple and finite graph. A graph is said to be decomposed into subgraphs \( H_1 \) and \( H_2 \) which is denoted by \(G = H_1 \oplus H_2,\) if \( G \) is the edge-disjoint union of \( H_1 \) and \( H_2 \). If \(G = H_1 \oplus H_2 \oplus \dots \oplus H_k,
\)where \( H_1, H_2, \dots, H_k \) are all isomorphic to \( H \), then \( G \) is said to be \( H \)-decomposable. Furthermore, if \( H \) is a cycle of length \( m \), then we say that \( G \) is \( C_m \)-decomposable and this can be written as \( C_m \mid G \). Where \( G \times H \) denotes the tensor product of graphs \( G \) and \( H \), in this paper, we prove that the necessary conditions for the existence of \( C_6 \)-decomposition of \( K_m \times K_n \) are sufficient. Using these conditions, it can be shown that every even regular complete multipartite graph \( G \) is \( C_6 \)-decomposable if the number of edges of \( G \) is divisible by 6.

Constructions of the smallest known trivalent graph for girths 17, 18, and 20 are given. All three graphs are voltage graphs. Their orders are 2176, 2560, and 5376, respectively, improving the previous values of 2408, 2640, and 6048.

A signed total Italian dominating function (STIDF) of a graph \( G \) with vertex set \( V(G) \) is defined as a function \( f : V(G) \to \{-1,1,2\} \) having the property that (i) \( \sum_{x \in N(v)} f(x) \geq 1 \) for each \( v \in V(G) \), where \( N(v) \) is the neighborhood of \( v \), and (ii) every vertex \( u \) for which \( f(u) = -1 \) is adjacent to a vertex \( v \) for which \( f(v) = 2 \) or adjacent to two vertices \( w \) and \( z \) with \( f(w) = f(z) = 1 \). The weight of an STIDF is the sum of its function values over all vertices. The \textit{signed total Italian domination number} of \( G \), denoted by \( \gamma_{stI}(G) \), is the minimum weight of an STIDF in \( G \). We initiate the study of the signed total Italian domination number, and we present different sharp bounds on \( \gamma_{stI}(G) \). In addition, we determine the signed total Italian domination number of some classes of graphs.