Given a connected graph \(G\) and two vertices \(u\) and \(v\) in \(G\), \(I_G[u, v]\) denotes the closed interval consisting of \(u\), \(v\) and all vertices lying on some \(u\)–\(v\) geodesic of \(G\). A subset \(S\) of \(V(G)\) is called a geodetic cover of \(G\) if \(I_G[S] = V(G)\), where \(I_G[S] = \cup_{u,v\in S} I_G[u, v]\). A geodetic cover of minimum cardinality is called a geodetic basis. In this paper, we give the geodetic covers and geodetic bases of the composition of a connected graph and a complete graph.

Starlike graphs are the intersection graphs of substars of a star. We describe different characterizations of starlike graphs, including one by forbidden subgraphs. In addition, we present characterizations for a natural subclass of it, the starlike-threshold graphs.

We show that permutation decoding can be used, and give explicit PD-sets in the symmetric group, for some of the binary codes obtained from the adjacency matrices of the graphs on \(\binom{n}{3}\) vertices, for \(n \geq 7\), with adjacency defined by the vertices as \(3\)-sets being adjacent if they have zero, one or two elements in common, respectively.

In this paper, we have discussed the dynamic coloring of a kind of planar graph. Let \(G\) be a Pseudo-Halin graph, we prove that the dynamic chromatic number of \(G\) is at most \(4\). Examples are given to show the bounds can be attained.

Let \(\gamma(G)\) be the domination number of a graph \(G\). A class \(\mathcal{P}\) of graphs is called \(\gamma\)-complete if the problem of determining \(\gamma(G)\), \(G \in \mathcal{P}\), is NP-complete. A class \(\mathcal{P}\) of graphs is called \(\gamma\)-polynomial if there is a polynomial-time algorithm for calculating \(\gamma(G)\) for all graphs \(G \in \mathcal{P}\).

We denote \(\Gamma = \{P_k\cap nK_1 : k \leq 4 \text{ and } n \geq 0\}\). Korobitsin \([4]\) proved that if \(\mathcal{P}\) is a hereditary class defined by a unique forbidden induced subgraph \(H\), then

1. when \(H \in \Gamma\), \(\mathcal{P}\) is a \(\gamma\)-polynomial class,
2. when \(H \notin \Gamma\), \(\mathcal{P}\) is a \(\gamma\)-complete class.

We extend a positive result (i) in the following way. The class \(\Gamma\) is hereditary, and it is characterized by the set

\[Z(\Gamma) = \{2K_2, K_{1,3},C_3,C_4,C_5\}\]

of minimal forbidden induced subgraphs.

For each \(Z \subseteq Z(\Gamma)\) we consider a hereditary class \({FIS}(Z)\) defined by the set \(Z\) of minimal forbidden induced subgraphs. We prove that \(\mathcal{FIS}(Z)\) is \(\gamma\)-complete in 16 cases, and it is \(\gamma\)-polynomial in the other 16 cases. We also prove that \(2K_2\)-free graphs with bounded clique number constitute a \(\gamma\)-polynomial class.

Let \(G = (V, E)\) be a connected graph and \(S \subseteq E\). \(S\) is said to be an \(r\)-restricted edge cut if \(G – S\) is disconnected and each component in \(G – S\) contains at least \(r\) vertices. Define \(\lambda^{(r)}(G)\) to be the minimum size of all \(r\)-restricted edge cuts and \(\xi_r(G) = \min\{w(U): U \subseteq V, |U| = r\) and the subgraph of \(G\) induced by \(U\) is connected, where \(w(U)\) denotes the number of edges with one end in \(U\) and the other end in \(V\setminus U\). A graph \(G\) with \(\lambda^{(r)} = \xi_r(G)\) (\(r = 1,2,3\)) is called an \(\lambda^{(3)}\)-optimal graph. In this paper, we show that the only edge-transitive graphs which are not \(\lambda^{(3)}\)-optimal are the star graphs \(K_{1, n-1}\), the cycles \(C_n\), and the cube \(Q_3\). Based on this, we determine the expressions of \(N_i(G)\) (\(i = 0,1,\ldots,\xi_3(G) – 1\)) for edge transitive graph \(G\), where \(N_i(G)\) denotes the number of edge cuts of size \(i\) in \(G\).

A vertex-deleted subgraph (subdigraph) of a graph (digraph) \(G\) is called a card of \(G\). A card of \(G\) with which the degree (degree triple) of the deleted vertex is also given is called a degree associated card or dacard of \(G\). To investigate the failure of digraph reconstruction conjecture and its effect on Ulam’s conjecture, we study the parameter \(\textbf{degree associated reconstruction number}\) \(drm(G)\) of a graph (digraph) \(G\) defined as the minimum number of dacards required in order to uniquely identify \(G\). We find \(drm\) for some classes of graphs and prove that for \(t\geq 2\), \(drm(tG)\leq 1+drm(G)\) when \(G\) is connected nonregular and \(drm(tG)\leq m+2-r\) when \(G\) is connected \(r\)-regular of order \(m>2\) and these bounds are tight. \(drm \leq 3\) for other disconnected graphs. Corresponding results for digraphs are also proved.

Two parameters for measuring irregularity in graphs are the degree variance and the discrepancy. We establish best possible upper bounds for the discrepancy in terms of the order and average degree of the graph, and describe some extremal graphs, thereby providing analogues of results of [1], [4] and [5] for the degree variance.

It is calculated the number of symmetric \(r\)-colorings of vertices of a regular \(n\)-gon and the number of equivalence classes of symmetric \(r\)-colorings. A coloring is symmetric if it is invariant with respect to some mirror symmetry with an axis crossing the center of polygon and one of its vertices. Colorings are equivalent if we can get one from another by rotating about the polygon center.

A graph \(G\) is said to be excellent if, given any vertex \(x\) of \(G\), there is a \(\gamma\)-set of \(G\) containing \(x\). It is known that any non-excellent graph can be imbedded in an excellent graph. For example, for every graph \(G\), its corona \(G \circ K\) is excellent, but the difference \(\gamma(G \circ K) – \gamma(G)\) may be high. In this paper, we give a construction to imbed a non-excellent graph \(G\) in an excellent graph \(H\) such that \(\gamma(H) \leq \gamma(G) + 2\). We also show that, given a non-excellent graph \(G\), there is a subdivision of \(G\) which is excellent. The excellent subdivision number of a graph \(G\), \(ESdn{G}\), is the minimum number of edges of \(G\) to be subdivided to get an excellent subdivision graph \(H\). We obtain upper bounds for \(ESdn{G}\). If any one of these upper bounds for \(ESdn{G}\) is attained, then the set of all vertices of \(G\) which are not in any \(\gamma\)-set of \(G\) is an independent set.