The detour index of a connected graph is defined as the sum of detour distances between all its unordered vertex pairs. We determine the maximum detour index of \(n\)-vertex unicyclic graphs with maximum degree \(\Delta\), and characterize the unique extremal graph, where \(2 \leq \Delta \leq {n-1}\).

In this study, we obtain the relations among \(k\)-Fibonacci, \(k\)-Lucas, and generalized \(k\)-Fibonacci numbers. Then, we define circulant matrices involving \(k\)-Lucas and generalized \(k\)-Fibonacci numbers. Finally, we investigate the upper and lower bounds for the norms of these matrices.

Let \(G = (V(G), E(G))\) be a graph. A set \(S \subseteq V(G)\) is a dominating set if every vertex of \(V(G) – S\) is adjacent to some vertices in \(S\). The domination number \(\gamma(G)\) of \(G\) is the minimum cardinality of a dominating set of \(G\). In this paper, we study the domination number of the circulant graphs \(C(n; \{1, 2\})\), \(C(n; \{1, 3\})\), and \(C(n; \{1, 4\})\) and determine their exact values.

The Merrifield-Simmons index of a graph \(G\), denoted by \(i(G)\), is defined to be the total number of its independent sets, including the empty set. Let \(\theta(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k)\) denote the graph obtained by connecting two distinct vertices with \(k\) independent paths of lengths \(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k\) respectively, we named it as multi-bridge graphs for convenience. Tight upper and lower bounds for the Merrifield-Simmons index of \(\theta(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_k)\) are established in this paper.

In this paper, it is shown that the graph \(T_{4}(p, q, r)\) is determined by its Laplacian spectrum and there are no two non-isomorphic such graphs which are cospectral with respect to adjacency spectrum.

In this paper, using the \(q\)-exponential operator technique to two identities due to Jackson, we obtain some \(q\)-series identities involving \(q\)-analogs of \(_{3}{}{\phi}_{2}\).

We consider words \(\pi_1\pi_2\pi_3\ldots\pi_n\) of length \(n\), where \(\pi_i \in \mathbb{N}\) are independently generated with a geometric probability

\[P({\pi} = k) = p(q)^{k-1} \text{where p + q = 1}. \]

Let \(d\) be a fixed non-negative integer. We say that we have an ascent of size \(d\) or more, an ascent of size less than \(d\), a level, and a descent if \({\pi}_{i+1} \geq {\pi}_i+d \), \({\pi}_{i+1} {\pi}_{i+1} \), respectively.We determine the mean and variance of the number of ascents of size less than \(d\) in a random geometrically distributed word. We also show that the distribution is Gaussian as \(n\) tends to infinity.

The graph \(C_n(d; i, j; P_k)\) denotes a cycle \(C_n\) with path \(P_k\) joining two nonconsecutive vertices \(x_i\) and \(x_j\) of the cycle, where \(d\) is the distance between \(x_i\) and \(x_j\) on \(C_n\). In this paper, we obtain that the graph \(C_n(d; i, j; P_k)\) is strongly \(c\)-harmonious when \(k = 2, 3\) and integer \(n \geq 6\).

In this paper, we give several identities of finite sums and some infinite series involving powers and inverse of binomial coefficients.

The concept of integral sum graphs is introduced by Harary \([6]\). A graph \(G\) is an integral sum graph or \(\int\Sigma\)-graph if the vertices of \(G\) can be labelled with distinct integers so that e = uv is an edge of G if and only if the sum of the labels on vertices \(u\) and \(v\) is also a label in G. Xu \([12]\) has shown that the union of any three stars and the union of any number of integral sum trees are integral sum graphs. Xu poses the question as to whether all disconnected forests are integral sum graphs. In this paper, we prove that all banana trees and union of any number of stars are integral sum graphs.